PageiiiFluidMechanicsNinthEditionFrankM.WhiteUniversityofRhodeIslandHenryXueCaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversityPageivFLUIDMECHANICS,NINTHEDITIONPublishedbyMcGrawHillLLC,1325AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10121.Copyright©2021byMcGrawHillLLC.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Previouseditions©2016,2011,and2008.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGrawHillLLC,including,butnotlimitedto,inanynetworkorotherelectronicstorageortransmission,orbroadcastfordistancelearning.Someancillaries,includingelectronicandprintcomponents,maynotbeavailabletocustomersoutsidetheUnitedStates.Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.123456789LCR2423222120ISBN978-1-260-25831-8(boundedition)MHID1-260-25831-9(boundedition)ISBN978-1-260-44655-5(loose-leafedition)MHID1-260-44655-7(loose-leafedition)PortfolioManager:BethBettcherProductDevelopers:HeatherErvolinoandJoanWeberSeniorMarketingManager:ShannonO’DonnellContentProjectManagers:JaneMohrandSamanthaDonisiBuyer:SusanK.CulbertsonDesigner:DavidW.HashContentLicensingSpecialist:LoriHancockCoverImage:Shutterstock/S.PytelCompositor:Aptara,Inc.Allcreditsappearingonpageorattheendofthebookareconsideredtobeanextensionofthecopyrightpage.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataNames:White,FrankM.,author.|Xue,Henry,author.Title:Fluidmechanics/FrankM.White,UniversityofRhodeIsland,HenryXue,CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity.Description:Ninthedition.|NewYork,NY:McGraw-HillEducation,[2021]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.Identifiers:LCCN2020040689|ISBN9781260258318(hardcover)|ISBN9781260446555(spiralbound)|ISBN9781260446586(ebook)Subjects:LCSH:Fluidmechanics.Classification:LCCTA357.W482021|DDC620.1/06—dc23®LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020040689TheInternetaddresseslistedinthetextwereaccurateatthetimeofpublication.TheinclusionofawebsitedoesnotindicateanendorsementbytheauthorsorMcGrawHillLLC,andMcGrawHillLLCdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyoftheinformationpresentedatthesesites.mheducation.com/higheredPagevAbouttheAuthorsFrankM.WhiteisProfessorEmeritusofMechanicalandOceanEngineeringattheUniversityofRhodeIsland.HeisanativeofAugusta,Georgia,anddidhisundergraduatestudiesatGeorgiaTech,receivingaB.M.E.degreein1954.ThenheattendedtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyforanS.M.degreein1956,returningtoGeorgiaTechtoearnaPh.D.degreeinmechanicalengineeringin1959.HebeganteachingaerospaceengineeringatGeorgiaTechin1957andmovedtotheUniversityofRhodeIslandin1964.HeretiredinJanuary1998.AttheUniversityofRhodeIsland,Frankbecameinterestedinoceanographicandcoastalflowproblems,andin1966hehelpedfoundthefirstDepartmentofOceanEngineeringintheUnitedStates.Hisresearchinterestshavemainlybeeninviscousflowandconvectionheattransfer.Knownprimarilyasateacherandwriter,hereceivedtheASEEWestinghouseTeachingExcellenceAwardinadditiontosevenUniversityofRhodeIslandteachingawards.Hismodestresearchaccomplishmentsincludesome80technicalpapersandreports,theASMELewisF.MoodyResearchAwardin1973,andtheASMEFluidsEngineeringAwardin1991.HeisaFellowoftheASMEandfor12yearsservedaseditor-in-chiefoftheASMEJournalofFluidsEngineering.HereceivedaDistinguishedAlumnusawardfromGeorgiaTechin1990andwaselectedtotheAcademyofDistinguishedGeorgiaTechAlumniin1994.Inadditiontothepresenttext,hehaswritt...
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