江苏省各地2020届高三上学期期中英语考试试卷精选汇编：任务型阅读专题1/15任务型阅读苏州市第五部分：任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）请认真阅读下面的短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卷上相应题号的横线上，每个空格只填一个单词。Whentimesaretough,howshouldgovernmentsinpoorcountriesensuretheircitizensremainfed?Inthepast,mostofthemusedsubsidies（现金补助）tokeepfoodpriceslowforalltheircitizens.Butthesepolicieshavebecomeineffective:thecostofmaintainingEgypt'sfoodsubsidies,forinstance,nearlydoubledbetween2009and2013.Andmuchofthemoneygoestothewrongpeople.InEgyptandthePhilippineslessthan20%ofspendingonfoodsubsidiesgoestopoorhouseholds.IntheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaonly35%ofsubsidiesreach40%ofthepoorest,theIMFnotes.Motivatedbyadesiretocontrolgrowingbudgetdeficits（赤字），manycountriesarereplacingbroadsubsidieswithpoliciesaimedmoredirectlyattheneedy.Butwhatformshouldthetargetedaidtake?EarlierthismonthIranintroducedfreehandoutsoffoodtoreplaceitssubsidymethod.Othercountries,suchasIndonesiaandMalaysia,havechoseninsteadtoprovideextracashbenefitstothepoor.Sofar,foodvouchers（代金券）havebeentheleastpopularoption.ProposalstointroducefoodvouchersinsuchcountriesasMalaysiahavebeenrejectedonthebasisthattheyweretooAmericanandun-Asian.However,theresearchersattheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute（(IFPRI）)thoughtthatmighthavebeenamistakeandanalyzedtheresultsofanexperimentconductedbytheWorldFoodProgrammeinEcuador,aSouthAmericancountry,in2011,whichcomparedhandoutsoffood,cashandvouchersintheexperiment.Thestudyfoundthatdirecthandouts—Iran'snewpolicy一weretheleasteffectiveoption.Theycostthreetimesasmuchasvoucherstopromotecalorieintakeby15%,andwerefourtimesascostlyasawayofincreasingdietarydiversityandquality.Distributioncostswerehigh,andwastagewasalsoaproblem.Only63%ofthefoodgivenawaywasactuallyeaten,while83%ofthecashwasspentonfoodand99%ofthevoucherswereexchangedasintended.FoodhandoutshavealsobeenthecostliestoptioninsimilarprojectsinsomeAfricancountries,accordingtoJohnHoddinottatIFPRI.InEcuadortherewaslittledifferenceincostbetweenhandingoutcashandfoodvouchers,theothertwooptions.Butfoodvoucherswerebetteratencouragingpeopletobuyhealthierfoodsbecauseofrestrictionsonwhatitemscouldbeexchangedforthem.Itwas25%cheapertopromotethequalityofhouseholdnutritionusingfoodvouchersthanitwasbyhandingoutcash.Aswitchfromuniversalsubsidiestovoucherscouldbethemostefficientwayofpromotinghealthaswellasrelievingpoverty.Thisisverynecessaryinmanydeveloping江苏省各地2020届高三上学期期中英语考试试卷精选汇编：任务型阅读专题2/15countries,accordingtoLynnBrown,aconsultantfortheWorldBank.TopicFeedingexpectations:Whyfoodvouchersareapolicy71considerationindevelopingcountries?AimofuniversalsubsidiesTo72forthecitizensinpoorcountries.AnalysesofthreepoliciesCash?Itkeepsfoodpriceslowforallcitizens.?Itisnot73inthelongterm:*Thecostkeepsincreasing.*Muchofthemoneydoesn'treachthosereallyin74.Handoutsoffood?Thefoodcanreachtheneedy75.?Theycosttwicemorethanvoucherstopromotecalorieintake.?Alotofthefoodhandedoutiswasted,thus76amatterofwastage.Foodvouchers?Theyworkbetterwhenit77toencouragingpeopletobuyhealthierfoods.?78withhandingoutcash,usingfoodvoucherscostsmuchless.?TheyaretooAmericanandun-Asian.ConclusionIt'sa79tousevouchersinmanydevelopingcountriesbecauseitnotonlyhelpsto80poverty...
