AnnalsofOncologyclinicalpracticeguidelinesTable4.Levelsofevidenceandgradesofrecommendation(adaptedfromtheInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofAmerica-UnitedStatesPublicHealthServiceGradingSystemaLevelsofevidenceIIIIIIIVVEvidencefromatleastonelargerandomised,controlledtrialofgoodmethodologicalquality(lowpotentialforbiasormeta-analysesofwellconductedrandomisedtrialswithoutheterogeneitySmallrandomisedtrialsorlargerandomisedtrialswithasuspicionofbias(lowermethodologicalqualityormeta-analysesofsuchtrialsoroftrialswithdemonstratedheterogeneityProspectivecohortstudiesRetrospectivecohortstudiesorcase–controlstudiesStudieswithoutcontrolgroup,casereports,expertsopinionsGradesofrecommendationABCDEaStrongevidenceforefficacywithasubstantialclinicalbenefit,stronglyrecommendedStrongormoderateevidenceforefficacybutwithalimitedclinicalbenefit,generallyrecommendedInsufficientevidenceforefficacyorbenefitdoesnotoutweightheriskorthedisadvantages(adverseevents,costs,⋯,optionalModerateevidenceagainstefficacyorforadverseoutcome,generallynotrecommendedStrongevidenceagainstefficacyorforadverseoutcome,neverrecommendedDownloadedfromhttp://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/byguestonAugust13,2014BypermissionoftheInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofAmerica[74].Squibb.KKhasreported:speakers0bureau:AbbottDiagnostics,Roche,AstraZeneca,EliLilly,P?zer.SPhasreported:consultancy/honoraria:Roche,EliLilly,AstraZeneca,P?zer,BoehringerIngelheim,Bristol-MyersSquibb,MerckSerono,DaiichiSankyo,Tesaro.DDRhasdeclarednopotentialcon?ictsofinterest.references1.JemalA,BrayF,CenterMMetal.Globalcancerstatistics.CACancerJClin2011;61:69–90.2.FieldJK,OudkerkM,PedersenJH,DuffySW.Prospectsforpopulationscreeninganddiagnosisoflungcancer.Lancet2013;382:732–741.3.MalvezziM,BertuccioP,LeviFetal.Europeancancermortalitypredictionsfortheyear2012.AnnOncol2012;23:1044–1052.4.InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC.http://www.iarc.fr/(23May2014,datelastaccessed.5.MalvezziM,BertuccioP,LeviFetal.Europeancancermortalitypredictionsfortheyear2013.AnnOncol2013;24:792–800.6.WakeleeHA,ChangET,GomezSLetal.Lungcancerincidenceinneversmokers.JClinOncol2007;25:472–478.7.EdwardsBK,BrownML,WingoPAetal.Annualreporttothenationonthestatusofcancer,1975–2002,featuringpopulation-basedtrendsincancertreatment.JNatlCancerInst2005;97:1407–1427.8.TohCK,GaoF,LimWTetal.Never-smokerswithlungcancer:epidemiologicevidenceofadistinctdiseaseentity.JClinOncol2006;24:2245–2251.9.TravisWD,BrambillaE,NoguchiMetal.InternationalAssociationfortheStudyofLungCancer/AmericanThoracicSociety/EuropeanRespiratorySociety:internationalmultidisciplinaryclassi?cationoflungadenocarcinoma:executivesummary.ProcAmThoracSoc2011;8:381–385.10.SequistLV,WaltmanBA,Dias-SantagataDetal.GenotypicandhistologicalevolutionoflungcancersacquiringresistancetoEGFRinhibitors.SciTranslMed2011;3:75ra26.11.KerrKM,BubendorfL,EdelmanMJetal.2ndESMOConsensusConferenceonLungCancer:pathologyandmolecularbiomarkersfornon-small-celllungcancer.AnnOncol2014June17[epubaheadofprint],doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu145.12.BesseB,AdjeiA,BaasPetal.2ndESMOConsensusConferenceonLungCancer:non-small-celllungcancer?rst-line/secondandfurtherlinesoftreatmentinadvanceddisease.AnnOncol2014;25:1475–1484.13.RekhtmanN,PaikPK,ArcilaMEetal.Clarifyingthespectrumofdriveroncogenemutationsinbiomarker-veri?edsquamouscarcinomaoflung:lackofEGFR/KRASandpresenceofPIK3CA/...
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