Module5TheFirstAmericansPartTwo：TeachingResources第二部分:教学资源Section2:Backgroundinformation1.AMERICANHISTORYSomesayColumbus"discovered"America.ThetruthisIndiansweretheFirstAmericans.Longbeforecars,mallsandskyscrapers,Indianslivedhere.Peoplelivingneareachothertendedtosharesimilarenvironmentsandcustoms.Areasofsimilarityarecalledculturalbands.2.AstudyofskullsAstudyofskullsexcavatedfromthetipofBajaCaliforniainMexicosuggeststhatthefirstAmericansmaynothavebeentheancestorsoftoday'sAmerindians,butanotherpeoplewhocamefromSoutheastAsiaandthesouthernPacificarea.ThequestionofwhocolonizedtheAmericas,andwhen,haslongbeenhotlydebated.Traditionally,NativeAmericansarebelievedtohavedescendedfromnortheastAsia,arrivingoveralandbridgebetweenSiberiaandAlaskasome12,000yearsagoandthenmigratingacrossNorthandSouthAmerica.Butrecentresearch,includingtheBajaCaliforniastudy,indicatesthattheinitialsettlementofthecontinentwasinsteaddrivenbySoutheastAsianswhooccupiedAustralia60,000yearsagoandthenexpandedintotheAmericasabout13,500yearsago,priortoMongoloidpeoplearrivingfromnortheastAsia.TheskullsfromBajaCalifornia,whichmaydatebackonlyafewhundredyears,haveslender-lookingfacesthataredifferentfromthebroad-cheekedcraniumsofmodernAmerindians,thedescendantsoftheMongoloidpeople."OurresultschangethetraditionalideathatallmodernAmerindianspresentmorphologicalaffinitieswithEastAsiansasaresultofasinglemigration,"saidRolandoGonzález-JoséoftheUniversityofBarcelona,Spain,wholedthestudy."ThesettlementoftheNewWorldisbetterexplainedbyconsideringacontinuousinfluxofpeoplefromAsia."用心爱心专心116号编辑Thenewstudyisreportedinthisweek'sissueofthesciencejournalNature,andcouldfurtherfuelthecontroversysurroundingtheoriginsofthefirstAmericans,whichisacontroversialissueforAmericanIndiansinparticular3.MysteryoftheFirstAmericansIn1996,nearKennewick,Washington,asuspectedmurdervictimisidentifiedbyforensicanthropologistsasCaucasian-butturnsouttobealmost10,000yearsold.ForfiftyyearsourpictureofprehistoricAmericahasrestedonthepremisethattheearliestinhabitantsoftheAmericaswereeastAsiansofmongoloidstock,theancestorsoftoday'sNativeAmericans.ButthediscoveryoftheKennewickMan,alongwithseveralotherstartlingfindsinrecentyears,hasthrownthatoncewidelyacceptedideaintoquestionandrevolutionizedthescienceofpaleo-anthropology.IthasalsoembroiledscientistsinabitterconflictwithNativeAmericangroupswhowantthescientificstudyofearlyAmericanshalted.WhoandwhatdoKennewickManandothersrepresent?NOVAisfollowingtheeffortsofpaleo-anthropologistsworktodecodethestoryinthebonesofpeoplewhodied10,000yearsago.4.Tuesday,September21–Sunday,September26,2004ImmediatelyfollowingtheGrandOpeningceremony,themuseumwillcommenceamajorsix-dayfestivalpayingtributetosomeofthemostbelovedandprominentNativeAmericanmusicians,dancers,andstorytellers.Morethan300singers,dancers,andstorytellers,representing30to40Nativecommunitiesfromthroughoutthehemisphere,willperformtraditionalandcontemporaryprogramsofcontemporaryIndianblues,rock,reggae,jazz,andmore,representingNativecommunitiesinNorth,South,andCentralAmerica.TheFirstAmericansFestivalcommemoratesthehistoricopeningoftheSmithsonianNationalMuseumoftheAmericanIndian,locatedontheNationalMallinWashington,D.C.Thissix-dayfestivalwillcelebratetheNativeculturesofNorth,South,andCentralAmerica,andwillfeaturemorethan300singers,dancers,andstoryteller...
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