Module4MusicPartTwo:TeachingResourcesModule4MusicSection2:BackgroundinformationforModule41.Whatismusic?MusicMusicisanaturalintuitivephenomenonoperatinginthethreeworldsoftime,pitch,energy,andunderthethreedistinctandinterrelatedorganizationstructuresofrhythm,harmony,andmelody.Sincethemusicphenomenonisnaturalandintuitive,humanscanalsovirtuallyperformandhearmusicintheirminds,withoutevenlearningorunderstandingit.Traditionally,oneofthemajordifficultiesindefiningmusichasbeentousethewordtotrytodescribeallactivitiesandthingsrelatedtomusicand/orsound.Forexample,scoresonlybecomemusicthroughperformance(s),orwhen(recorded)performancesarereplayed.Whilemusicisanaturalintuitivephenomenon,composing,improvisingandperformingitareartforms.Also,listeningtoitcanbeasourceofentertainment,whilelearningandunderstandingitaredisciplines.Foranalogy,walkingisanactivitythatusesthenaturalandintuitivephenomenonofgravity,butwalkingisnotgravity.Usingthetermgravitytorepresentallthingsrelatedtogravitydoesnothelpdefinetheterm.Thesameistrueformusic.SeeDefinitionsofmusicandthe'Whatismusic?'sectionlocatedbelow.2.Whatisamusician?Amusicianisapersonwhoplaysorcomposesmusic.Musicianscanbeclassifiedbytheirroleinproduction,includinginstrumentandgenre:●Asinger(alsocalledavocalist)useshisorhervoiceasaninstrument(rarelyconsideredamusicianunlesshe/shecomposesmusic).●Aninstrumentalistplaysamusicalinstrument.●Composersandsongwritersmakeupmusicandwriteitdown.●Aconductorcoordinatesamusicalensemble.Musiciansmayalsodanceorproducechoreography.Theconceptofthemusicianandthestatusofthemusicianinsocietyisculture-specific.Think,forinstance,aboutyourownconceptsrelatingto"theheavymetalist","thefolkmusician","theDJ","thesarangiplayer","thefemaledrummer",andsoon.Seealso:performer.Musiciansmayalsobedistinguishedasamateurorprofessional.Professionalmusiciansmayworkfreelance,contractwithastudioorlabel,ormaybeemployedbyaninstitutionsuchasachurchorbusinesssuchasabar.用心爱心专心116号编辑Songsmaybeproducedbysomeanimals,includingbirds.Althoughmanywouldsurelydebatewhetherbirdsaremusicians,theirabilitytoproducevariationsonthecharacteristicsongoftheirspeciesisasubjectdeservingmoreresearch(thoughrelatinglesstomusicandmoretoanimalcommunication).Thefreestylechatterofevencommonbirds,althoughlackingthecomplexityofmethodsemployedbyhumanbeings,mustberegardedashavingsomerelationtotheoriginsofmusic.Humanbeingsdidnotbeginproducingmusicbybangingawayonakeyboard,noraretheytheonlycreatureswhichrespondto(orproduce)rhythmandmelody.3.ChineseMusicMusicofChinaappearstodatebacktothedawnofChinesecivilization,anddocumentsandartifactsprovideevidenceofawell-developedmusicalcultureasearlyastheZhouDynasty(1122BC-256BC).AccordingtoMencius,arulerhadaskedMenciuswhetheritwasmoralifhepreferredpopsongstotheclassics.Theanswerwasthattheonlythingmattersbeingwhetherornothelovedhissubjects.TheImperialMusicBureau,firstestablishedintheQinDynasty(221-207BC),wasgreatlyexpandedundertheEmperorHanWuDi(140-87BC)andchargedwithsupervisingcourtmusicandmilitarymusicanddeterminingwhatfolkmusicwouldbeofficiallyrecognized.Insubsequentdynasties,thedevelopmentofChinesemusicwasstronglyinfluencedbyforeignmusic,especiallythatofCentralAsia.4.Whatisemotion?“emotion”isatermcommonlyandlooselyusedtodenoteindividual,subjectivefeelingswhichdictatemoods.Inpsychology,emotionisconsideredaresponsetostimulithatinvolvescharacteristicphysiologicalchanges—suchasincreaseinpulserate,riseinbodytemperature,greaterorlessactivityofcertainglands,changeinrateofbreathing—andtendsinitselftomotivatetheindividualtowardfurtheractivity.Earlypsychologicalstudiesofemotiontriedtodeterminewhetheracertainemotionarosebeforetheaction,simultaneouslywithit,orasaresponsetoautomaticphysiologicalprocesses.Inthe1960s,theSchachter-Singertheorypointedoutthatcognitiveprocesses,notjustphysiologicalreactions,playedasignificantroleindeterminingemotions.RobertPlutchikdeveloped(1980)atheoryshowingeightprimaryhumanemotions:joy,acceptance,fear,submission,sadness,disgust,anger,andanticipation,andarguedthatallhumanemotionscanbederivedfromthese.PsychologistsSylvanTomkins(1963)andPaulEkman(1982)havecontendedthat"basic"emotionscanbequantifiedbecauseallhumansemploythesamefacialmuscleswhenexpressingaparticularemotion.StudiesdonebyEkmansuggestthatmuscularfeedbackfromafacialexpressioncharacteristicofacertainemotionresultsintheexperienceofthatemotion.Sinceemotionsareabstractandsubjective,however,theyremaindifficulttoquantify:sometheoriespointoutthatnon-Westernculturalgroupsexperienceemotionsquitedistinctfromthosegenerallyseenas"basic"intheWest.用心爱心专心116号编辑
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