创业精神的特别报道(转之经济学人杂志)Mar12th2009FromTheEconomistprinteditionAnideawhosetimehascome创业精神的时代已经到来Entrepreneurialismhasbecomecool企业精神真酷VICTORHUGOonceremarked:“Youcanresistaninvadingarmy;youcannotresistanideawhosetimehascome.”Todayentrepreneurshipissuchanidea.维克多•雨果说过：“人们能够抵御武装的入侵，却阻挡不住思想的渗透。”今天，创业精神的思想遍地开花。Thetriumphofentrepreneurshipisdrivenbyprofoundtechnologicalchange.Atrioofinventions—thepersonalcomputer,themobilephoneandtheinternet—isdemocratisingentrepreneurshipatacrackingpace.Todayevencash-strappedinnovatorscanreachmarketsthatwereoncetheprerogativeofgiantorganisations.创业精神的成功来自深刻的技术革新。发明三重奏——个人电脑、移动电话和互联网，大大促进了创业精神的传播。现在甚至是资金缺乏的创新者也能进入那些曾经是大型机构所独享的市场。Theinternetprovidesacheapplatformforentrepreneurstobuildinteractivebusinesses.MegWhitmangrewrichbydevelopinganonlinemarketplace,eBay,wherepeoplecouldbuyandsellwithoutevermeeting.Anarmyofpyjama-cladbloggershasrepeatedlyoutsmartedlong-establishednewspapersonbreakingstories.Automatednews-collectingservicessuchasRealClearPoliticsandMemeorandum,usingtinyamountsofcapital,haveestablishedthemselvesasindispensabletoolsfornewsjunkies.互联网为创业者们进行互动业务提供了低价的平台。梅格•惠特曼的致富手段是建立了一个在线市场：eBay，在这里人们不用见面也可进行买卖。在突发新闻爆料的竞争中，一大群“业余”的博友们再三超越那些历史悠久的报纸。自动新闻搜集服务诸如RealClearPolitics和Memeorandum，虽投入不大，但已在新闻爱好者心目中树立了不可替代的地位。Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing”isgivingsmalloutfitsyetmoreopportunitytoenjoytheadvantagesofbigorganisationswithnoneofthesunkcosts.Peoplerunningsmallbusinesses,whethertheyareintheirownofficesorinahotelhalf-wayroundtheworld,canusepersonalcomputersorlaptopstogainaccesstosophisticatedbusinessservices.“云计算”技术的发展给予那些小型机构更多的机会享受那些大型机构所拥有的优势，而不用承担沉没成本。小型企业的运营者们能够使用个人电脑或笔记本享有完善的商业服务，不论是在办公室还是在旅行中的酒店里。Themobilephonehasbeenalmostasrevolutionary.About3.3billionpeople,orhalftheworld’spopulation,alreadyhaveaccesstoone.Thetechnologyhasallowedentrepreneurstobreakintowhatusedtobeoneoftheworld’smostregulatedmarkets,telecoms.Andmanydevelopingcountrieshavebeenabletoleapfrogrichonesbygoingstraighttomobilephones,cuttingoutlandlines.移动电话的出线几乎可被视为一场革命。33亿人拥有移动电话，占世界总人口约50%。这项技术使得创业者们能够进入电信行业这个原先世界上管制最严格的市场。许多发展中国家直接越过了有线通讯的阶段，在移动电话领域和发达国家并驾齐驱。Thishasresultedinacascadeofentrepreneurship.IqbalQuadir,aBangladeshiwhoemigratedtoAmericatobecomeaninvestmentbankerandthenabusinessacademic,hadadreamofbringingmobilephonestohishomeland.HestruckuparelationshipwithMuhammadYunus,thefounderofGrameenBank,whichprovidesmicrofinance,toturnthedreamintoreality.Ifthebankwaswillingtolendwomenmoneytobuycows,whynotmobilephones?Bangladeshnowhas270,000phoneladieswhoborrowmoneytobuyspeciallydesignedmobile-phonekitsequippedwithlong-lastingbatteries,andselltimeontheirphonestolocalvillagers.GrameenhasbecomeBangladesh’slargesttelecomsprovider,withannualrevenuesofaround$1billion;andtheentrepreneurialphoneladieshavepluggedtheirvillagesintothewidereconomy.这项革新为导致了创业行为的进步...
