第1页共10页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第1页共10页TradeLogisticsinDevelopingCountries:TheCaseoftheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaAsthepaceofglobalintegrationcontinues,developingcountrieswillcompeteincreasinglyintermsoftheirabilitytolinkwithglobalandregionalmarketscompetitivelyandefficiently.Aninefficienttradeandtransportfacilitationsystemcancreateobstaclesandincursrealcostsintermsoftheproductvalue–internationalagenciesestimatethatoutdatedtradeadministrationproceduresandthefailuretoadoptIT-supportedtradefacilitationaccountforsevenpercentofthevalueofthegoodstraded.ForcountriesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion,improvingtheefficiencyoftradelogisticsisacriticalpriority.Theregionislosingglobalmarketshareinkeyexportsectorsandnon-oilexportsareamongthelowestinthedevelopingworld–withlessthanonepercentofworldmarketshareinnon-fuelexportsrelativetomorethantenpercentincountriesoftheEastAsia/PacificregionandmorethanfourpercentinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Withrespecttoforeigndirectinvestment,theregion’sperformancealsolagsconsiderablybehindotherdevelopingregions–netFDIislessthanonepercentofGDPfortheregionasawhole,comparedwith2.6percentforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanand1.8percentforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia.ImprovetheefficiencyoftradelogisticsinMiddleEastandNorth第2页共10页第1页共10页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共10页Africa:CriticalIssuesforPolicymakersThesecasestudiespointtoanumberofdifficultiesforexportingfirmsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregionincludinggenerallypoorqualityandcostlytransportservices,longshippingtimes,obstructivebureaucracy,inadequatetrade-relatedservicessuchasinsurance,financeandtransportintermediariesandothers.Amongthemoreimportantareasofconcernforpolicymakersincludethefollowing.1.AFragmentedTruckingIndustryThetruckingindustry,akeyconduitforgoodsinmostMiddleEastandNorthAfricacountriesincludingtheonessurveyedhere,isinurgentneedofreformduetothegeneralprevalenceoffreightmonopoliesandpartialratecontrol.InYemen,forexample,loadsassignedonthebasisofaqueuingsystemaremanagedbycartelsthatoperateonaregionalbasis(e.g.,inHodeidah,Aden,Mukalla,etc.).Inaddition,thetruckingindustryisnotallowedtochargemarketratesforessentialcommoditiesthatareregulatedbytheMinistryofTransport.Pricingpracticesarenoteconomicallyefficientsincethehighratesleviedonnon-regulatedcommoditiesareusedtooffsetthelowratesreceivedforessentialcommodities.InEgypt,thetruckingindustryhasthefreedomtosetrates,butlicensing,safety,vehicleweightsanddimensionsandotheroperatingaspectsoftheindustryareregulatedbytheMinistryofTransportandCommunications.InJordan,theUnifiedCompanyforOrganizingLandTransport,acartelestablishedbygovernmenttoorganizeprivatetrucking,assignsloads(basedonturns)fortrucksoperatingintheAqabaandZarqaFreeZones–withtrucksgettingaturnonceeverytwoweeks.Whilethecartelscontroltheloadassignments,ownershipofthetrucksishighlyfragmentedandinthehandsofmanysmalloperators.TransportratessetbytheministryhavebeendecreasingbuthavenotyetreachedalevelthatwillallowJordaniantruckstocompetewithneighboringcountries.2.LimitedShippingServicesGivenitssmallvolumeofexporttrade,theMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregionfaceshighershippingcostsandlongertransittimesforcargothanotherdevelopingcountries.Thispenalizesexportersinaninternationalmarketplacewhereshortordertodeliverycyc...
