STRATEGYANDENTREPRENEURSHIP:OUTLINESOFANUNTOLDSTORYSarasD.SarasvathyUniversityofWashingtonS.VenkataramanUniversityofVirginiaInvitedbookchapterintheStrategicManagementHandbookeditedbyHittet.al.(RevisedDecember10,2000)第2页共54页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共54页Inhisbook“Invention,”ProfessorNorbertWiener(1993),commentingontherelativeimportanceaccordedtoindividualsandinstitutionsinhistoricalnarrativesofscienceandinventions,asksustoimagineShakespeare’s“RomeoandJuliet”withouteitherRomeoorthebalcony.1Thestoryisjustnotthesame.Helikensmuchofthestudyoftheeconomichistoryofscienceandaccountsofinventionsas“allbalconyandnoRomeo.”ThebalconyforNorbertWienercapturesthecontextinwhichthestoryunfolds–theculture,theinstitutions,theconstraintsandthecatalyststhatmovetheplotforwardandthickenit.Romeos,forWiener,playtheleadingpartsinthestory,becausethereisastrongfortuitouselementtoinventionsandthereisnoinevitabilitythatapossiblediscoverywillbemadeatagiventimeandspace.Takeawayeitherone,Romeoorthebalcony,andthewholestoryfallsapart.Inasimilarvein,wewouldlikenstudiesofstrategicmanagementto“allbalconyandnoRomeo.”Butifweaccusestrategicmanagementofbeing“allbalconyandnoRomeo,”strategicmanagementscholarscouldlegitimatelyaccuseentrepreneurshipofbeing“allRomeoandnobalcony.”1WeinertookhisinspirationfromtheworkoftheEnglishwriter,RudyardKipling.第2页共54页第3页共54页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第3页共54页InthischapterwewishtosuggestapointofviewfromentrepreneurshipthatwillallowstrategicmanagementscholarstoaccommodatemoreRomeosintheirstories.Althoughthesetwofieldshavemuchtooffereachother(tradeinbalconiesandRomeos),theyhavedevelopedlargelyindependentofeachother.Wewishtosuggestthatentrepreneurshiphasaroletoplayinstrategicmanagementtheoryandthatstrategicmanagementtheoryenrichesourunderstandingoftheentrepreneurialprocess,althoughthislatteraspectwillnotbethefocusofthischapter.Oneusefulwayofthinkingaboutentrepreneurshipisthatitisconcernedwithunderstandinghow,intheabsenceofmarketsforfuturegoodsandservices,thesegoodsandservicesmanagetocomeintoexistence(Venkataraman,1997).Totheextentvalueisembodiedinproductsandservices,entrepreneurshipisconcernedwithhowtheopportunitytocreate“value”insocietyisdiscoveredandacteduponbysomeindividuals.AsWienerhasnoted(Wiener,1993:7),atthebeginningstagesofanewidea,theeffectivenessoftheindividualisenormous:“Beforeanynewideacanariseintheoryandpractice,somepersonorpersonsmusthaveintroducedit第4页共54页第3页共54页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第4页共54页intheirownminds…Theabsenceoforiginalmind,eventhoughitmightnothaveexcludedacertainelementofprogressinthedistantfuture,maywelldelayitforfiftyyearsoracentury.”Thefieldofstrategicmanagementcanbeusefullydescribedashavingtodowiththe“methods”usedtocreatethis“value”andtheensuingstruggletocaptureasignificantshareofthat“value”byindividualsandfirms.Thus,ifweunderstandentrepreneurshipandstrategicmanagementasthefieldsthattogetherseektodescribe,explain,predictandprescribehowvalueisdiscovered,created,captured,andperhapsdestroyed,thenthereisnotonlymuchthatwecanlearnfromeachother,buttogetherwerepresenttwosidesofthesamecoin:thecoinofvaluecreationandcapture.Onesideofthecoin,namelystrategicmanagement,hastodowiththeachievementofends–obtaining...
