第1页共20页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第1页共20页●图形用户界面历史|图形用户界面（GUI）详细发展历史HistoryofthegraphicaluserinterfaceThegraphicaluserinterface,or"GUI",isacomputerinterfacethatusesgraphiciconsandcontrolsinadditiontotext.Theuserofthecomputerutilizesapointingdevice,likeamouse,tomanipulatetheseiconsandcontrols.Thiswasagreatleapforwardfromthecommandlineinterfaceusedinotheroperatingsystems,inwhichtheusertypesaseriesoftextcommandstothecomputer.InitialDevelopmentsThefirstconceptofawindowingsystembeginswiththefirstreal-timegraphicdisplaysystemsforcomputers,namelytheSAGEProjectandIvanSutherland’sSketchpad.AugmentationofHumanIntellectDougEngelbart’sAugmentationofHumanIntellectprojectatSRIinthe1960sdevelopedtheOn-LineSystem,whichincorporatedamouse-drivencursorandmultiplewindows.XeroxPARCEngelbart’sworkdirectlyledtotheadvancesatXeroxPARC.SeveralpeoplewentfromSRItoXeroxPARCintheearly1970’s.TheXeroxPARCteamcodifiedtheWIMP(windows,icons,menusandpointers/pull-downmenus)paradigm,firstpioneeredontheXeroxAltoexperimentalcomputer,butwhicheventuallyappearedcommerciallyintheXerox8010(’Star’)systemin1981.AppleLisaandMacintoshBeginningin1979,ledbyJefRaskin,theLisaandMacintoshteamsatAppleComputer(whichincludedformermembersoftheXeroxPARCgroup)continuedtodevelopsuchideas.TheMacintosh,releasedin1984,wasthefirstcommerciallysuccessfulproducttouseaGUI.Adesktopmetaphorwasused,in第2页共20页第1页共20页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共20页whichfileslookedlikepiecesofpaper;directorieslookedlike;therewereasetofdeskaccessorieslikeacalculator,notepad,andalarmclockthattheusercouldplacearoundthescreenasdesired;andtheusercoulddeletefilesandfoldersbydraggingthemtoatrashcanonthescreen.ThereisstillsomecontroversyovertheamountofinfluencethatXerox’sPARCwork,asopposedtopreviousacademicresearch,hadontheGUIsofApple’sLisaandMacintosh,butitisclearthattheinfluencewasextensive.TheMacintosh’sGUIhasbeenrevisedwithtimesince1984,withamajorupdatewithSystem7,andunderwentitslargestrevisionwiththeintroductionofthe"Aqua"interfacein2001’sMacOSX.VisiOnGraphicaluserinterfaceprimarilydesignedforspreadsheetsbythecompanythatwrotethelegendaryVisiCalcspreadsheet.Firstintroducedthe"windows"conceptandamousetothePCenvironment,in1983.PrecededthefirstMicrosoftWindowsimplementations.VisiOnnevertookoffbecauseitcouldnotbeusedtorunotherMS-DOSapplicationsandwasbuggyandexpensive.InspiredthemultitaskingsystemDESQview.AmigaIntuitionAmigacomputersdevelopedaGUIin1985calledIntuition.InthisGUIdirectorieswereshownasfilingcabinetdrawers.TheAmigaGUIwasuniqueforitstimebecauseitfeaturedapop-upcommandlineinterface(CLI)forthosetimeswhenaGUIdoesnotofferenoughcontrol.GEMAtthesametimeMicrosoftwasdevelopingWindowsinthe1980s,DigitalResearchdevelopedtheGEMDesktopGUIsystem.GEMwascreatedasanalternativewindowsystemtorunonIBMPCsystems,eitherontopofMS-DOS(likeMicrosoftWindows)orontopofCPM-86,DR’sownoperatingsystemthatMS-DOSwaspatterenedafter.GEMachievedminimalsuccessinthePCworld,butwaslaterusedasthenativeGUIontheAtariSTmachines.第3页共20页第2页共20页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第3页共20页GEOSGEOSwasanotherveryearlygraphicaldesktopsystem.Originallywrittenforthe8bithomecomputerCommodore64itwaslaterportedtoIBMPCsystems.Itcamewithseveralapplicationprogram...
