非常损失规则的比较研究--兼评中国民事法律行为制度中的乘人之危和显失公平徐涤宇 中南财经政法大学 教授上传时间:2002-7-15[内容提要]以公平价格理论为切入点，从历史考察和比较法的角度分析了非常损失规则发展到暴利行为、显失公平制度的历史背景和思想基础。各国此类制度实质上与我国关于显失公平和乘人之危的立法具有理论联系。在此基础上，乘人之危只是显失公平主观构成要件一种具体表现形式，法律没有必要也不应该将其作为意思表示的瑕疵予以单独规定。[英文摘要]With the theory of justum pretium as the point of connection,and from the aspect of historical observation and comparative law,the author analyzes the historical background and ideological basis of the rule of laesio enormis developing into the institution of Wucherisches Geschaft or obvious unfairness.While attempting to disclose the nature of the rule of laesio enormis in different countries,he tries to find the theoretical connection between the rule and the legislation of China on obvious unfairness and exploitation ofone's unfavorable position.On this basis,he criticizes the relative theories and legislation in China,and thinks that it is unnecessary,to provide exploitation of one's unfavorable position as one of the defects of declaration of intention.[关键词]非常损失原则、公平价格理论、程序性公平、显失公平、乘人之危the Rule of Laesio Enormis、the Theory of justum Pretium、ProcedualJustice、Obvious Unfairness/Exploitation of One's Unfavorable Position 我国《民法通则》和《合同法》均对因乘人之危成立的法律行为和显失公平的法律行为作出了规定。对于这两种类型的法律行为，民法学界曾以极高的热情进行百家争鸣式的讨论，但其结果仍然是仁者见仁、智者见智，难以形成统一的认识。从历史和比较法的角度看，我国关于乘人之危和显失公平的立法，应该是渊源于德国民法典、前苏联民法中的暴利行为和台湾“民法”中的显失公平制度，而所谓的暴利 (wucher)（注：据《新德汉词典》（上海译文出版社 1999 年版），wucher 一词可译为“重利、暴利、高利贷”...
