经济学人:企业管理经 如何将奖金与业绩挂钩?A publisher might buy a printing company in order tohave more control over its assets， and ensure itspresses are used to print its own books first。出版商可能会为了对其资产有更多的控制权并确保印刷设备首先被用于印刷自家的图书而收购一家印刷公司。Yet if the takeover means that the workers tendingthe presses see smaller rewards for their efforts， andtheir managers cannot keep tabs on them, they might shirk the extra sorts of work that keepthe presses running as productively as possible.然而，假如这一收购意味着维护印刷机的工人看到的是较小的对于他们努力的报答，同时他们的管理人员又不可能时时刻刻地监视他们，他们就可能减少保持印刷设备尽可能高效运转的额外工作.So the theory has real-world relevance； Mr Hart used it to explain precisely why inmates mayfare worse at privately run prisons than at public ones。因此,这一理论具有现实世界相关性;哈特曾用它精准地解释了为什么囚犯在私立监狱可能比在公立监狱过得差。Managers of both care about the bottom line， but the incentive to cut costs is sharper inprivate prisons， because the profits flow into the pockets of owners who benefit directly.两类监狱的管理人员都关注盈亏底线，但是，在公立监狱，消减成本的激励更加锐利，因为盈利流入直接获益的所有者的口袋。The work of Mr Holmstrom, a Finnish economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology，centres on the behaviour of individuals rather than organisations.麻省理工芬兰裔经济学家霍尔姆斯特罗姆的讨论重点是个人而非组织的行为。Many of the basic power dynamics in society boil down to the relationship between one person—a principal—who needs another-an agent—to do something for him。在社会中，许多基本的权力动力学可以归纳为一个人-—委托人——需要另一个人—-代理人——为其做事之间的关系.The principal can use contracts to shape the incentives facing the agent, the better to ge...
