杭州师范大学硕士研究生招生考试命题纸2020年考试科目代码828考试科目名称普通语言学（本考试科目共3页，第1页）杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：828考试科目名称：普通语言学说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（每小题2分，共20分）1.Writingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.2.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.3.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.4.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.5.Morphemesaretheunitsoflanguagethataresmallerthanwords.6.Themeaningofamorphemeiscalledmorph.7.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.8.J.R.Firthheldtheviewthat“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisviewiscalledconceptualisminsemantictheory.9.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences.10.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.II.Completethefollowingsentencesbyfillingintheblankswithoneword.（每小题1分，共30分）1.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledaneclause.2.Majorlexicalcategoriesareocategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.3.Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoicedorvoiceless,whileallvowelsoundsarev.4.Thatthedenialofonememberoftwowordsimpliestheassertionoftheotheristhecharacteristicofcantonyms.5.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,thatofanu_______isconcreteandcontext-dependent.6.Scanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.7.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.8.Rmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.9.Sfeaturesarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.They杭州师范大学硕士研究生招生考试命题纸2020年考试科目代码828考试科目名称普通语言学（本考试科目共3页，第2页）includestress,tone,intonation,etc.10.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh.11.Roppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.12.Canalysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.13.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledsrestrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.14.Anaisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.15.Accordingtothentheoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.16.Whatessentiallydistinguishessandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.17.Thenotionofcisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.18.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu.19.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermedp.20.Cwerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.21.Pweresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.22.Acistocommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.23.Aneistoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.24.Acsentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or".25.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCPrincipleproposedbyJ.Grice.26.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’skoftherulesofhislanguage.27.Languereferstothealinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.28.Disoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.29.Asmaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.30.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds.III.Explainthefollowingterms.（每小题4分，共40分）1.sociolinguistics2.arbitrariness3.displacement4.performance5.allophone6.affix7.D-structure8.sense9.predication10.pragmatics杭州师范大学硕士研究生招生考试命题纸2020年考试科目代码828考试科目名称普通语言学（本考试科目共3页，第3页）IV.Shortanswerquestions.（每小题15分，共60分）1.Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?2.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsdifferentiated?3.Whatisindirectlanguageuse?Howisitexplainedinthelightofspeechacttheory?4.Inwhatwaysaretheseexpressionsstructurallyambiguous?(a)WemetanEnglishhistoryteacher.(b)Flyingplanescanbedangerous.
