1DNAmethylationDNA甲基化功能Afewdata•humangenome:about28milionCpGs•60–80%aregenerallymethylated.•Lessthan10%ofCpGsoccurinCG-denseregionsthataretermedCpGislands;•HalfofCGIoccuratgenebody.Afewknowledge•1.ThreeconservedenzymesDNAmethyltransferase1(DNMT1):DNAmethylationmaintenanceDNMT3AandDNMT3B:denovomethylationDNMT3L:isacatalyticallyinactivehomologueofDNMT3AandDNMT3B2.Demethylation:thymidineDNAglycosylase(TDG)teneleventranslocationmethylatosinedioxygenase(TET)activation-inducedcytodinedeaminase(AID)ThemanyrolesofDNAmethylationDNMT1DNMT3A/BMarkingactiveregulatoryelementsTFStadleretal,Nature,2011Imprinting♀♂Brandeisetal,EMBOJ,1993AlternativepromoterregulationMaunakeaetal,Nature,2010SilencingofrepeatsAlu/LINE/SINEWalshetal,NatGenetics,1998GenesilencingNaveh-ManyandCedar,PNAS,1981CytosineMethyl-cytosineKnownfeaturesofDNAmethylationinmammalsunknownfeaturesofDNAmethylationinmammalsFUNCTIONS•转录起始位点的甲基化:有CpG岛的模式,没有CpG岛的模式•Genebody的甲基化•增强子的甲基化•绝缘子的甲基化PatternsatCpGislandtranscriptionstartsites•大多数的CGIs保持不甲基化的状态。当在活跃的TSS有CGIs时,他们的启动子区域往往有NDRs(核小体贫乏区域),并且NDRs周围存在核小体变体H2A.Z,和H3K4me3。CGI启动子能够被很多的机制所抑制,比如,myogenicdifferentiation1(MYOD1)orpairedbox6(PAX6)被polycomb蛋白,被抑制的启动子TSS区有核小体以及H3K27me3.•许多被抑制的基因同样存在CGIs的甲基化。这些被甲基化的启动子区域的CGIs大多数都是长时期的稳定的抑制状态。(例如,印记基因)Patternsatnon-CpG-islandTSSs•1.在TSS区域CpG-poor时,表达的基因往往是未甲基化的,而不表达的基因往往是甲基化的。比如OCT4andNANOGpromoters。•2.但是在05年的全基因组层面上,发现甲基化和表达上没有负相关,但是在08年重分析又发现这个负相关的规律是存在。•3.一个问题是究竟甲基化是表达沉默的原因,还是结果。Reasonorresultresult:methylationoftheHprtgeneontheinactiveXchromosomeoccurredafterthechromosomehadbeeninactivatedreason:studyshowedthatthemethylasewasessentialfordifferentiationofafairlyshort-livedcelltype,itseemspossiblethatDNAmethylationhasamoreinstructiveroleininitiatingratherthanreinforcingthesilencingGenome-widestudiesincancercellshave,however,shownthatgeneswithCGIpromotersthatarealreadysilencedbyPolycombcomplexesaremuchmorelikelythanothergenestobecomemethylatedincancer:thatis,thesilentstateprecedesmethylation主流的观点是:DNA甲基化只是起到维持沉默的作用Genebodymethylation•1.在外显子区域的DNA甲基化是C-T突变的重要原因。•2.大概一半的CpGIs是在genebody把那些区域称做了‘orphanpromoters’,功能还未知,可能与早期发育相关。•3.在人脑细胞中,34%的genebody的CGI甲基化,但是并不阻碍表达。•4.只是转录起始对甲基化敏感。Possiblefunctionsofgenebodymethylation•沉默DNA重复元件(retroviruses,LINE1elements,Aluelements)但是允许管家基因的转录的延伸。•H3K36me3也是与转录的启动相关,但是不影响转录的延伸。•影响剪切.–全基因组分析发现exon高甲基化,intro低甲基化,并且这个数值转变很明显的发生在两者的边界区域。–CTCF的绑定受到DNA甲基化的影响导致了暂停RNApolymeraseII的移动,而RNApolymeraseII的动态影响剪切。Methylationatenhancers•在老鼠的基因组,增强子不是100%甲基化也不是完全不甲基化,趋向于‘low-methylatedregions’(LMRs)。•在T细胞的不同子集,发现在增强子的区域有很大数量的differentiallymethylatedregions(DMRs)•当在增强子区域去甲基化的时候,增强子起作用,但是依然是不知道甲基化是结果还是原因。Methylationatinsulators•主要研究CTCF•首先是imprintedIGF2–H19,当CTCF...