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Feminism___RitaQuestionsforyou!Howwouldyoudefineitasanideology意识形态?Whatcomestomindwhenyouthinkoftheword“feminism”?contents1DefinationandTheory3TypesofFeminisms2TheFeministMovementWhatisFeminism?FeminismFeminismisacollectionofmovementsaimedatdefining,establishing,anddefendingequalpolitical,economic,andsocialrightsforwomen.Inaddition,feminismseekstoestablishequalopportunitiesforwomenineducationandemployment.Anideology意思形态that“opposesthepolitical,economic,andculturalrelegation贬低ofwomentopositionsofinferiority自卑.”Simplyput,feminismaffirmswomen’sequalitywithmen,andrejectspatriarchy父权制.FeministsFeministsarepersonsofeithersex,orfemalesonly(inwhichcasemalesmaybepro-feminists),whobelieveinfeminism.Afeministis"anadvocateorsupporteroftherightsandequalityofwomen".MenfeministHenrikJohanIbsen亨利克·约翰·易卜生胡适KarlMarx卡尔·亨利希·马克思HistoryTheterms"feminism"or"feminist"firstappearedinFranceandTheNetherlandsin1872(aslesféministes),GreatBritaininthe1890s,andtheUnitedStatesin1910.TheOxfordEnglishDictionarylists1894forthefirstappearanceof"feminist"and1895for"feminism".TheUKDailyNewsfirstintroduced"feminist"totheEnglishlanguage,importingitfromFranceandbrandingitasdangerous."WhatourParisCorrespondentdescribesasa'Feminist'group...intheFrenchChamberofDeputies".Priortothattime,"Woman'sRights"wasprobablythetermusedmostcommonly,henceQueenVictoria'sdescriptionofthis"mad,wickedfollyof'Woman'sRights'".FeministtheoryFeministtheoryemergedfromthesefeministmovementsandincludesgeneraltheoriesandtheoriesabouttheoriginsofinequality,and,insomecases,aboutthesocialconstructionofsexandgender,inavarietyofdisciplines.Feministactivistshavecampaignedforwomen'srights—suchasincontract,property,andvoting—whilealsopromotingwomen'srightstobodilyintegrityandautonomy自治权andreproductiverights生育权.Theyhaveopposeddomesticviolence,sexualharassment性骚扰,andsexualassault性侵犯.Ineconomics,theyhaveadvocatedforworkplacerights,includingequalpayandopportunitiesforcareersandtostartbusinesses.TheFeministMovement(alsoknownastheWomen'sMovement,Women'sLiberation,orWomen'sLib)referstoaseriesofcampaignsforreformsonissuessuchasreproductiverights,domesticviolence,maternityleave,equalpay,votingrights,sexualharassment,andsexualviolence.Thegoalsofthemovementvaryfromcountrytocountry,e.g.oppositiontofemalegenitalcutting女性生殖器切割inSudan,ortotheglassceiling玻璃天花板inWesterncountries.Themovement'shistoryhasgonethroughthreewaves,beginninginthe18thcentury.First-wavewasorientedaroundthestationofmiddleorupper-classwhitewomen,andinvolvedsuffrageandpoliticalequality.Second-wavefeminismattemptedtofurthercombatsocialandculturalinequalities.Third-wavefeminismstartingin1980toearlyincludesrenewedcampaigningforwomen’sgreaterinfluenceinpolitics.TheFirstWaveFeminismThefirstwavereferstothemovementofthe19ththroughearly20thcenturies(1900s–1920s),whichdealtmainlywithsuffrage（投票权选举权）,workingconditionsandeducationalrightsforwomenandgirls.Leader：ElizabethCadyStanton（伊丽莎白·凯迪·斯坦顿）Purpose：equalpolitical,intellectualandeconomicrightstowomenAchievement：InternationalWomen'sDayhasbeenobserved(创始于1910年）WriterssuchasVirginiaWoolfareassociatedwiththeideasoftheFirstWaveoffeminism.InherbookARoomofOne'sOwn,Woolf"describeshowmensociallyandpsychicallydominatewomen".The...