Beforereadingthetextbelow,trytoanswerfollowingquestion:g1nsW^hen^icCth^modern^hemiCalindustrystart?边 thc 册閃 Ugvemicaf 甜 onPoc^tPettemna 削 dUvryzchemic 什 memtedcindU 斂haomavetbegunduringabout1800,ameeteVSlopelfy)o8foVieiSschemicalsroeusebyotherindustries.Examplesarealkaliforsoapmaking,I.OAlthoations,theevolutionofwhatweknowasthemoderntheIndustrialRevolution,bleachig£owde.Itwillinorgacchemicals.Theorganicchemicalsindustrystartedinthe1860swiththeeXploitationofWilliamHenryPerkin'sUnit1ChemicalIndustry化学工业discoveryifthefirstsyntheticdyestuff—mauve.AtthestartofthetwentiethcenturytheemphasisonresearchontheappliedaspectsofchemistryinGermanyhadpaidoffhandsomely,andby1914hadresultedintheGermanchemicalindustryhaving75%oftheworldmarketinchemicals.ThiswasbasedonthediscoveryofnewdyestuffsplusthedevelopmentofboththecontactprocessforsulphuricacidandtheHaberprocessforammonia.Thelaterrequiredamajortechnologicalbreakthroughthatofbeingabletocarryoutchemicalreactionsunderconditionsofveryhighpressureforthefirsttime.TheexperiencegainedwiththiswastostandGermanyingoodstead,particularlywiththerapidlyincreaseddemandfornitrogen-basedcompounds(ammoniumsaltsforfertilizersandnitricacidforexplosivesmanufacture)withtheoutbreakofworldwarIin1914.Thisinitiatedprofoundchangeswhichcontinuedduringtheinter-waryears(1918-1939).1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间,大约在 1800 年,并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱,棉布生产所用的漂白粉,玻璃制造业所用的硅及 Na2CO3.我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以 WilliamHenryPerkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20 世纪初,德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究,到 1914 年,德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有 75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力...